
伺服驅動器需要什么樣的脈沖?
伺服驅動(dong)器(servo drives)又(you)稱為“伺服(fu)(fu)控制器(qi)”、“伺服(fu)(fu)放大(da)器(qi)”,是(shi)用(yong)來控制伺服(fu)(fu)電機(ji)的一(yi)種(zhong)控制器(qi),其作用(yong)類似于變頻器(qi)作用(yong)于普通交流馬(ma)達(da),屬于伺服(fu)(fu)系統(tong)(tong)的一(yi)部分(fen),主要應用(yong)于高(gao)精(jing)度(du)(du)的定(ding)位(wei)系統(tong)(tong)。一(yi)般是(shi)通過(guo)位(wei)置、速(su)度(du)(du)和力矩三種(zhong)方式(shi)對伺服(fu)(fu)電機(ji)進行控制,實現高(gao)精(jing)度(du)(du)的傳(chuan)動(dong)系統(tong)(tong)定(ding)位(wei),目(mu)前(qian)是(shi)傳(chuan)動(dong)技術(shu)的高(gao)端產品。
伺服(fu)驅動(dong)(dong)器(qi)是(shi)現代運動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的重要組成部分,被(bei)廣泛應用于(yu)工業機(ji)器(qi)人(ren)及數控(kong)加工中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)等自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)設備(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)。尤其(qi)是(shi)應用于(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao)流永(yong)磁同步電機(ji)的伺服(fu)驅動(dong)(dong)器(qi)已經成為國(guo)內外研究熱(re)點。當前交(jiao)流伺服(fu)驅動(dong)(dong)器(qi)設計中(zhong)(zhong)普遍采用基于(yu)矢量控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的電流、速度、位置3閉(bi)環控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)算法(fa)。該算法(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)速度閉(bi)環設計合(he)理與(yu)否,對(dui)于(yu)整個伺服(fu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統,特別(bie)是(shi)速度控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)性能的發揮起到關鍵(jian)作用 。
在伺服驅動器(qi)(qi)速(su)度(du)(du)(du)閉環中,電(dian)機轉子實時速(su)度(du)(du)(du)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)精度(du)(du)(du)對(dui)于改善(shan)速(su)度(du)(du)(du)環的(de)(de)轉速(su)控制(zhi)動靜態(tai)特性至關重(zhong)要。為尋(xun)求測(ce)(ce)量(liang)精度(du)(du)(du)與(yu)系統成本(ben)的(de)(de)平衡(heng),一般采用增量(liang)式光(guang)電(dian)編碼器(qi)(qi)作為測(ce)(ce)速(su)傳感器(qi)(qi),與(yu)其對(dui)應(ying)的(de)(de)常用測(ce)(ce)速(su)方法(fa)為M/T測(ce)(ce)速(su)法(fa)。M/T測(ce)(ce)速(su)法(fa)雖(sui)然具有一定的(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)精度(du)(du)(du)和(he)較寬的(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)范(fan)圍,但這種方法(fa)有其固有的(de)(de)缺(que)陷,主要包括(kuo):
1)測(ce)速周(zhou)期(qi)內(nei)必須檢測(ce)到(dao)至少一個完整的碼盤脈沖,限制(zhi)了最低可測(ce)轉速;
2)用于測(ce)(ce)(ce)速(su)(su)(su)的2個控制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)定時器開關難以嚴格保(bao)持同步,在速(su)(su)(su)度變化(hua)較大(da)的測(ce)(ce)(ce)量場合中(zhong)無法保(bao)證測(ce)(ce)(ce)速(su)(su)(su)精(jing)度。因此(ci)應用該測(ce)(ce)(ce)速(su)(su)(su)法的傳統(tong)速(su)(su)(su)度環設計方(fang)案難以提高伺(si)服驅動器速(su)(su)(su)度跟(gen)隨與控制(zhi)性能(neng) 。
伺服驅動器需要什么樣的脈沖?
正反脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)控制(CW+CCW);脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)加(jia)方向控制(pulse+direction);AB相輸入(相位差控制,常見于(yu)手輪控制)。
伺(si)服驅(qu)動器主程序主要用來完成(cheng)系統(tong)的(de)初(chu)始化、LO接口控制(zhi)信號、DSP內(nei)各個控制(zhi)模塊寄存器的(de)設置等。
伺服驅動器所有的(de)初(chu)始化(hua)工作完成后,主程序才進(jin)入等待(dai)狀態,以及等待(dai)中斷的(de)發(fa)生,以便(bian)電流環與(yu)速度環的(de)調(diao)節。
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斷(duan)服務(wu)程(cheng)序(xu)主要包括四M定時(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斷(duan)程(cheng)序(xu)光電編碼器零脈沖(chong)捕獲中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斷(duan)程(cheng)序(xu)、功率(lv)驅動保護(hu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斷(duan)程(cheng)序(xu)、通信中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斷(duan)程(cheng)序(xu)。
伺服電動機的其他問題處理技巧
(1)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機竄(cuan)動(dong)(dong):在進(jin)給時(shi)(shi)出(chu)現(xian)竄(cuan)動(dong)(dong)現(xian)象,測速信號不(bu)穩定,如(ru)編碼器(qi)有(you)裂(lie)紋;接線端子接觸(chu)不(bu)良,如(ru)螺釘松動(dong)(dong)等;當竄(cuan)動(dong)(dong)發生在由(you)正方向運動(dong)(dong)與(yu)反方向運動(dong)(dong)的換向瞬間(jian)時(shi)(shi),一(yi)般是由(you)于進(jin)給傳動(dong)(dong)鏈的反向問隙或(huo)伺服驅動(dong)(dong)增益(yi)過大(da)所致;
(2) 電(dian)動(dong)機爬行:大(da)多(duo)發(fa)生在起動(dong)加速(su)段或(huo)低(di)速(su)進(jin)給(gei)(gei)(gei)時,一般是(shi)由(you)于(yu)進(jin)給(gei)(gei)(gei)傳動(dong)鏈的(de)潤滑狀態不良,伺(si)服(fu)系(xi)統增益低(di)及外加負載過大(da)等因素所致。尤其(qi)要注(zhu)意(yi)的(de)是(shi),伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)動(dong)機和(he)滾(gun)珠(zhu)絲(si)杠聯接用的(de)聯軸器,由(you)于(yu)連接松(song)動(dong)或(huo)聯軸器本身的(de)缺陷(xian),如(ru)裂紋等,造成滾(gun)珠(zhu)絲(si)杠與伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)動(dong)機的(de)轉(zhuan)動(dong)不同(tong)步,從而使進(jin)給(gei)(gei)(gei)運動(dong)忽快(kuai)忽慢;
(3)電動(dong)機(ji)振動(dong):機(ji)床高(gao)速(su)運行(xing)時,可能產(chan)生振動(dong),這時就會產(chan)生過流報警。機(ji)床振動(dong)問(wen)題(ti)一般(ban)屬于速(su)度(du)問(wen)題(ti),所以應尋(xun)找(zhao)速(su)度(du)環問(wen)題(ti);
(4)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機轉矩降(jiang)低(di):伺服電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機從額定(ding)堵轉轉矩到高速(su)運轉時(shi),發現轉矩會突然降(jiang)低(di),這(zhe)時(shi)因為電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機繞(rao)組的散熱損壞和機械部分(fen)發熱引起的。高速(su)時(shi),電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機溫(wen)升(sheng)變大(da),因此,正確使用伺服電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機前(qian)一定(ding)要對電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機的負載(zai)進行(xing)驗算;
(5) 電動(dong)機位置(zhi)誤差(cha)(cha):當伺服(fu)軸運動(dong)超過(guo)位置(zhi)允差(cha)(cha)范圍時(KNDSD100出廠標準設置(zhi)PA17:400,位置(zhi)超差(cha)(cha)檢測范圍),伺服(fu)驅(qu)動(dong)器就會出現“4”號位置(zhi)超差(cha)(cha)報警。主要原因有:系統(tong)設定的(de)允差(cha)(cha)范圍小;伺服(fu)系統(tong)增益設置(zhi)不當;位置(zhi)檢測裝置(zhi)有污(wu)染;進給傳(chuan)動(dong)鏈累(lei)計(ji)誤差(cha)(cha)過(guo)大等;
(6)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)不轉(zhuan):數(shu)(shu)控系(xi)統到伺服(fu)(fu)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)除了聯(lian)結脈沖(chong)+方(fang)向信(xin)號(hao)外,還有(you)使(shi)(shi)能控制(zhi)信(xin)號(hao),一般為DC+24 V繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)線圈電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。伺服(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)不轉(zhuan),常用(yong)診(zhen)斷方(fang)法有(you):檢查數(shu)(shu)控系(xi)統是(shi)(shi)否(fou)有(you)脈沖(chong)信(xin)號(hao)輸出;檢查使(shi)(shi)能信(xin)號(hao)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)接通;通過液晶(jing)屏觀測系(xi)統輸入(ru)/出狀(zhuang)態(tai)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)滿(man)足進給(gei)軸的起動(dong)(dong)(dong)條件;對帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)的伺服(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)確認(ren)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)已經打開;驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)有(you)故(gu)障;伺服(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)有(you)故(gu)障;伺服(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)滾(gun)珠絲杠(gang)聯(lian)結聯(lian)軸節失效或鍵脫開等。
綜上所述,數(shu)控機床伺(si)服(fu)驅動(dong)器的正確使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)除按用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶手冊正確設置(zhi)參(can)數(shu)外,還(huan)應結合(he)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)現(xian)場和負載(zai)情況,靈活操(cao)作(zuo)。實際工作(zuo)中,使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)者只(zhi)有(you)具備較強的參(can)數(shu)理解(jie)能(neng)(neng)力和實踐(jian)技能(neng)(neng),才能(neng)(neng)摸(mo)索出調試驅動(dong)器和電動(dong)機的技巧,才能(neng)(neng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)好伺(si)服(fu)驅動(dong)和伺(si)服(fu)電動(dong)機。
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